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Bingham materials are viscoplastic, non-Newtonian materials that behave as:

•Rigid bodies at low stresses

•Viscous fluids at high stresses

They are defined by both a:

•Yield stress; and

•Dynamic viscosity.

Bingham materials do not flow until the yield stress is exceeded. Once exceeded, flow resistance is a function of the dynamic viscosity and flow velocity.

The Bingham friction equations as implemented in the Dam Breach Model are listed below:

Where:

is the friction slope in the direction (m/m)

is the friction slope in the direction (m/m)

is the yield stress (Pa)

is the fluids dynamic viscosity (Pa·s)

is Manning's roughness coefficient

is gravitational acceleration (m/s²)

is the material density (kg/m³)

is the velocity in the x direction (m/s)

is the velocity in the y direction (m/s)

is the flow depth (m)

Input parameters are:

, the yield stress (Pa)

, the fluids dynamic viscosity (Pa·s)

, Manning's roughness coefficient

, the material density (kg/m³)